Suzuki free essay sample

The challenges facing Maruti Suzuki management prior to adopting the oracle suite is India at the time was one of the largest car markets in the world and Maruti Suzuki was the leader of that market. Maruti Suzuki then began diversifying their market by adding financing, leasing, insurance and pre-own car business to it. Due to the size and complexity of their organization, Maruti Suzuki was having a difficult time maintaining their explosive growth and was not able to efficiently managed their information management systems. Part of their challenge stems from the fact that a lot of their information systems came local home-grown systems in India and they were not able to communicate in sync which each other leading Maruti to have extra staff in order to coordinate data. 2. What advantages does Maruti Suzuki derive from working with a single vendor, Oracle? What are the possible risks of working with a single vendor? The advantages that Maruti Suzuki derive from working with a single vendor is when buying information systems, they will have a unified software that will be able to communicate and cut out the need for additional staff for coordinating data. We will write a custom essay sample on Suzuki or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oracle also has a consulting service that can provide Maruti Suzuki managers with any information or knowledge during the implementation in order to have the transition smoothly switch over from the old information system without any interruptions. The possible risk of working with a single vendor is that you becoming totally dependent on their services. If down the road you find out that their product is not exactly what you wanted the cost of having to switch things out can be quite expensive. Not to mention the single vendor can also raises their fees over time since you are already bought into their program you don’t have much choice but to pay the new prices or risk interruptions in your services. What were the important business factors which management used to evaluate Oracle’s database offerings? The important business factors which management used to evaluate Oracle database offering are they evaluated Oracle’s suite’s capacity to integrate their systems without interruption. Then, managers were able to quantify their benefits in flexibility and time. 4. Why was it important that a vendor’s products be able to integrate with legacy systems? It was important that a vendor’s product be able to integrate with legacy systems because Maruti Suzuki had several different systems before they switched over to Oracle so it was of the upmost importance that Oracle had been able to integrate their various systems without interruption thanks to the modular structure of Oracle suite. Since Suzuki having such a big and diversified company, they are dealing with huge volumes of business everyday so by having any interruptions which have a devastating effect on their business. 5. What are the business benefits reported by management to using the Oracle suite of products? The business benefits reported by management from the use of the Oracle suite of product are standardized practices across enterprises, making data immediately available online without needs of batches processing, the enterprise performance management system provides immediately data, decrease the turnaround time in producing consolidation accounts, more management flexibility with the HR suite, Oracle responds to Maruti future needs step by step, and provided the human resources staff with greater control over recruitment, payroll, compensation management leave management competency assessments, and staff development.

Why did Charles I decide to dissolve parliament in 1629 Essays

Why did Charles I decide to dissolve parliament in 1629 Essays Why did Charles I decide to dissolve parliament in 1629 Essay Why did Charles I decide to dissolve parliament in 1629 Essay Essay Topic: History There were many factors that contributed to the breakdown in trust between Charles I and his Parliament in 1625-29, which finally led to his decision of dissolving Parliament. I intend on concentrating on the main key factors, which built up over a specific timeline, and give evidential and factual suggestion and analysis to show that Charless decision was not unjustified, yet incorrect on his behalf, where he is to blame. The first topic, which was Charless most troublesome in contributing to further problems, and Parliaments most influential power, was Parliaments reluctance to grant Charles money. Charles needed money from Parliament in 1625 for possible war against Spain. They offered i 140,000, yet this was inadequate. Charles was dissatisfied as he hoped Parliament would be as co-operative as the previous. This in itself was wrong as Parliament were not informed of the actual size of money wanted and the specific time to be offered. Tonnage and poundage was customs revenue (tax) traditionally granted to the King by the first Parliament of his reign and provided a large portion of his income. In 1625 this became an issue because Charles did not receive full amount and as Parliament were worried about the issues to which it would be used, and also they wanted to change the system this would prevent him granting more, therefore limiting his power. This in fact was a wrong move on Parliaments side as it pushed Charles further away. This also caused further problems as Charles carried on collecting. Charles was suspicious about Parliament, as he could not understand why they would not finance a war that they had approved. They also blamed Buckingham for mishandling the session and the Kings affairs; Charles regarded this attack as an attempt to undermine his authority. He then believed that conspirators wishing to undermine royal authority were leading the Commons astray. Vice-Versa, Parliament was confused at Charless refusal to negotiate with them in the usual way. They had found cause to doubt his word in breaking the promises of war and marriage negotiations. Neither Charles nor Parliaments actions in this case were justified. There was clear misinterpretation of Parliaments concerns, as they did not mean to offend. Between 1625 and 1627 Charles raised money by securing a loan against the Crown Jewels, and selling Crown land. Charless decision on a forced loan was controversial as it made the Crown poorer in the long term and was illegal and left people unhappy. The evidential conclusion to this was the occurrence of the Five Knights case. This proved to be important, as the protesters tried to test the legality of their imprisonment, which would then test the legality of the forced loans would have to be tested in court. The Attorney General (royal legal officer) on Charless side tried to change records, on Charless request, so when this story emerged Charless reputation was damaged. This was a decision Charles should have regretted that left Parliament seething. In 1628 Parliament offered five subsidies and tonnage and poundage. This was only dependant upon an agreement of the role of Parliament. Charles raised extra money he needed in 1628 by seizing goods from merchants who had refused to pay tonnage and poundage, one of whom was an MP. These methods increased Parliaments distrust of him, as they wanted some security for the future. The reluctance to grant Charles money in accordance to the first three points was Parliaments major downfall, which could be the largest contribution to the dissolution of Parliament in 1629. The second influential topic in the dissolution of Parliament was Parliaments dislike of the Duke of Buckingham, which was caused by foreign policy failures. In terms of foreign policy in 1625, Charles and Buckingham hoped to set up an anti-Spanish front to force the Hapsburgs to restore the Palatinate to Charles brother-in-law. They hoped to achieve this aim through: 1) an alliance with Christian IV of Denmark in exchange for financial support from England, whereby he would attack the Catholic Hapsburgs in north Germany. 2) Financially supporting the Dutch in the same cause. 3) An English army of 6000, to be provided for the German Protestant mercenary commander. 4) A sea war against Spain to try and cut off its supplies of gold and silver from South America. These steps when carried out were a failure on a large scale, which left Charles embarrassed. England landed itself in war with both Spain and France. Buckinghams decision to help the Huguenots, besieged by the French was horrendous. He led the disastrous military landing, which finished in a retreat in ships without helping the defenders of La Rochelle, who eventually surrendered to the French. Basic indication and logic suggest that this decision was bad for all and another cross on Charless achievements. The Duke of Buckingham became a focus of MPs discontent by the 1626 Parliament because he was influential on court and Charles. He had also moved towards Arminianism, which was suspicious when combined with lax enforcement of the laws against Catholics. Buckinghams control of the armed forces prompted fears that he was intending to seize control of the Government and establish a Catholic state. The commons identified him as a source off all its concern and refused to work with Charles while the Duke was in office. Charles reaction to this was annoyance and the dismissal of Parliament. Parliament had again made another error by refusing to work with the Duke, as there may could have been an easier solution, after all their main objective as Parliament and King is to ensure the smooth operation of the country and provide the best well being and society possible while creating a strong economy. Charles blamed Parliament for the assassination of Buckingham in 1628 because Felton said he had been inspired by the remonstrance, which named Buckingham as the cause of the nations ills. This may only be a minor factor, but was a major contribution emotionally in addition to Charles already growing unhappiness with Parliament. Another key factor in the long list in why Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 was Parliaments fears of the Kings support of Arminianism and Charles fears of Puritan MPs. Charles helped the Arminian High Church party to become more prominent through his favour and proclamation, which attacked the Puritan mainstream of the Church of England. He further irritated Parliament and the Church of England (which to be noted he was head of) by allowing controversial and banned sermons to be published. This was unpopular with the Archbishop who was then suspended, which enraged many. A bad idea was apparent through replacing the Arch Bishop with a man who had influence and who could promote the Arminians, and attack Calvinist puritan ministers. The Arminian High Church promoted the divine right of the King, supported the forced loan and used Gods messenger as a defensive device. The King in this instance went with what he wanted, but what was not necessarily best for the country. This lack of thought and analysis of a delicate situation which he could of stepped down from or lowered his support suggests that his true objective and role as King was not met and only made situations worse for himself. The last topic with some specific significance to why Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 was Parliaments attempts to stop what they saw as abuses of royal powers, and Charless reaction to these. To ensue that the Privy Council followed him even when Parliament didnt, Charles eliminated opponents, which narrowed the range of opinion represented on the Council, which also ceased to offer alternative advice after an open discussion. This sneaky form of deviation caused hot hostility and a prominent show of difference between the court and Parliament. What the court, Privy Council, and nobility wanted was often different to Parliament. Nobility were shielded from the reality of every day life in the land of the average person and therefore logically we can analyse that their decisions may have been incorrect for the ideal solution. On Charles behalf, this was a clear mistake. The Petition of Right introduced in 1628 by MPs was the definition of traditional rights of the subject, which had existed time out of mind. It laid out points stating the illegality of the forced loans, that no free man should be imprisoned without just cause shown, that soldiers should not be billeted on private individuals against their will, and marital law was illegal. The MPs introduced this because it acted as a safeguard, with the force of law. Charles did not accept this view of the role of Parliament and viewed the debates with deep disfavour. He wanted expressions of absolute trust and loyalty not restrictions on his freedom of action. Parliament were only alienating his affections further. When Charles tried to adjourn Parliament in 1628 after he was not granted customs, the speaker went to rise from his chair at the end of the session and was met with force by being held down by two MPs while another called out three resolutions. Sir John Eliots three were as a capital enemy to the King and commonwealth 1) anyone who promoted innovation in religion, popery or Arminianism 2) anyone who counselled the collection of tonnage and poundage without Parliamentary consent 3) anyone who voluntarily paid the duties. Charles dissolved Parliament after this because he was frustrated in his attempt to rule in accordance with tradition when the commons would not grant him the revenues that were traditionally due to him. In conclusion the four key areas, which included Parliaments reluctance to grant financial support, Parliaments hostility towards the Duke of Buckingham, the Kings support of Arminianism, and Parliaments attempts to stop abuses of royal powers, gradually caused a high amount of tension between the two. But I have also found extra reasons underlying within this area that all input significance into Charless final decision to dissolve Parliament in 1629. Distrust as a result of Charless manipulation of law in response to Parliaments reluctance to financially support him led to misinterpretation of each others intent, foreign policies and its failure with increased problems with the Duke, religion and Charless specific support of Arminianism with change to ranking within the Church, the repeated dissolution of Parliament, the war and its effects, and Charless personality and beliefs. These all had a significant part to play in why Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629. I have analysed and interpreted events to finalise a short list of reasons, which I now believe do not fully justify Charles for having good reason to dissolve Parliament. Out of all the explored sources it is evident that Charles mistakes fully outnumber Parliaments.

Formation of the Delian League in Ancient History

Formation of the Delian League in Ancient History Several Ionian cities joined together in the Delian League  for mutual protection against the Persians. They placed Athens at the head (as hegemon) because of her naval supremacy. This free confederation (symmachia) of autonomous cities, founded in 478 B.C., consisted of representatives, an admiral, and treasurers appointed by Athens. It was called the Delian League because its treasury was located at  Delos. History Formed in 478 B.C., the Delian League was an alliance of mainly coastal and Aegean city-states against Persia at a time when Greece feared Persia might attack again. Its goal was to make Persia pay and to free the Greeks under Persian dominion. The league morphed into the Athenian Empire that opposed the Spartan allies in the Peloponnesian War. After the Persian Wars, which included Xerxes invasion by land at the Battle of Thermopylae (the setting for the graphic novel-based movie ), the various Hellenic poleis (city-states) divided into opposing sides ranged around Athens and Sparta, and fought the Peloponnesian War. This enervating war was a major turning point in Greek history since in the following century, the city-states were no longer strong enough to stand up to the Macedonians under Philip and his son Alexander the Great. These Macedonians adopted one of the aims of the Delian League: to make Persia pay. Strength is what the poleis had been seeking when they turned to Athens to form the Delian League. Mutual Protection Following Hellenic victory at the Battle of Salamis, during the Persian Wars, Ionian cities joined together in the Delian League for mutual protection. The league was meant to be offensive as well as defensive: to have the same friends and enemies (typical terms for an alliance formed for this dual purpose [Larsen]), with secession forbidden. The member poleis placed Athens at the head (hegemon) because of her naval supremacy. Many of the Greek cities were annoyed with the tyrannical behavior of the Spartan commander Pausanias, who had been leader of the Greeks during the Persian War. Thucydides Book 1.96 on the formation of the Delian League 96. When the Athenians had thus gotten the command by the confederates own accord for the hatred they bare to Pausanias, they then set down an order which cities should contribute money for this war against the barbarians, and which galleys. For they pretended to repair the injuries they had suffered by laying waste the territories of the king. [2] And then first came up amongst the Athenians the office of treasurers of Greece, who were receivers of the tribute, for so they called this money contributed. And the first tribute that was taxed came to four hundred and sixty talents. The treasury was at Delos, and their meetings were kept there in the temple. Members of the Delian League In The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (1989), author-historian Donald Kagan says the members included about 20 members from the Greek islands, 36 Ionian city-states, 35 from the Hellespont, 24 from around Caria, and 33 from around Thrace, making it primarily an organization of the Aegean islands and coast. This free confederation (symmachia) of autonomous cities, consisted of representatives, an admiral, and financial officers/treasurers (hellenotamiai) appointed by Athens. It was called the Delian League because its treasury was located at Delos. An Athenian leader, Aristides, initially assessed the allies in the Delian League 460 talents, probably annually [Rhodes] (there is some question about the amount and people assessed [Larsen]), to be paid to the treasury, either in cash or warships (triremes). This assessment is referred to as phoros that which is brought or tribute. 23.5 Hence it was Aristeides who assessed the tributes of the allied states on the first occasion, two years after the naval battle of Salamis, in the archonship of Timosthenes, and who administered the oaths to the Ionians when they swore to have the same enemies and friends, ratifying their oaths by letting the lumps of iron sink to the bottom out at sea. - Aristotle Ath. Pol. 23.5 Athenian Supremacy For 10 years, the Delian League fought to rid Thrace and the Aegean of Persian strongholds and piracy. Athens, which continued to demand financial contributions or ships from its allies, even when fighting was no longer necessary, became more and more powerful as her allies became poorer and weaker. In 454, the treasury was moved to Athens. Animosity developed, but Athens would not permit the formerly free cities to secede. The enemies of Pericles were crying out how that the commonwealth of Athens had lost its reputation and was ill-spoken of abroad for removing the common treasure of the Greeks from the isle of Delos into their own custody; and how that their fairest excuse for so doing, namely, that they took it away for fear the barbarians should seize it, and on purpose to secure it in a safe place, this Pericles had made unavailable, and how that Greece cannot but resent it as an insufferable affront, and consider herself to be tyrannized over openly, when she sees the treasure, which was contributed by her upon a necessity for the war, wantonly lavished out by us upon our city, to gild her all over, and to adorn and set her forth, as it were some vain woman, hung round with precious stones and figures and temples, which cost a world of money. Pericles, on the other hand, informed the people, that they were in no way obliged to give any account of those moneys to their allies, so long as they maintained their defense, and kept off the barbarians from attacking them. - Plutarchs Life of Pericles The Peace of Callias, in 449, between Athens and Persia, put an end to the rationale for the Delian League, since there should have been peace, but Athens by then had a taste for power and the Persians started supporting the Spartans to Athens detriment [Flower]. End of the Delian League The Delian League was broken up when Sparta captured Athens in 404. This was a terrible time for many in Athens. The victors razed the great walls linking the city to her harbor city of Piraeus; Athens lose her colonies, and most of her navy, and then submitted to the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. An Athenian league was later revived in 378-7 to protect against Spartan aggression and survived until Philip II of Macedons victory at Chaeronea (in Boeotia, where Plutarch would later be born). Terms to Know hegemonia leadership.Hellenic Greek.Hellenotamiai treasurers, Athenian financial officers.Peloponnesian League modern term for the military alliance of the Lacedaemonians and their allies.symmachia a treaty where the signers agree to fight for one another. Sources Starr, Chester G. A History of the Ancient World. Oxford University Press, 1991.Kagan, Donald. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Cornell University Press, 2013.Holden, Hubert Ashton, Plutarchs Life of Perciles, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1895.Lewis, David Malcolm. The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 5: The Fifth Century BC., Boardman, John, Davies, J.K., Ostwald, M., Cambridge University Press, 1992.Larsen, J. A. O. â€Å"The Constitution and Original Purpose of the Delian League.† Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 51, 1940, p. 175.Sabin, Philip, International Relations in Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Hall, Jonathan M., Van Wees, Hans, Whitby, Michael, Cambridge University Press, 2007.Flower, Michael A. From Simonides to Isocrates: The Fifth-Century Origins of Fourth-Century Panhellenism, Classical Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Apr. 2000), pp. 65-101.

Define and give examples of downwards, upwards and horizontal Essay

Define and give examples of downwards, upwards and horizontal organizational communication. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of c - Essay Example Downward communication is the most studied form of communication in the business organization. As Downward communication is the most widespread form in organizations as those at the top have the facilities and status for instigating communication. They also have a greater require doing so and are definitely less inhibited about taking such action. at times written messages are issued by top executives to all levels of the organization. though this presents the kind of deformation that takes place when oral messages are sent down the line, employees are conditioned to believe that communications must come through their immediate supervisors. while they don't, employees quickly instigate to lose respect for the supervisors (Jeanette W. Gilsdorf; 1998). If you choose to communicate directly, there is the problem assuring that you do not alienate the layers between yourself and the person you are communicating with. You must also be careful of what you say so as not to countermand or cause confusion from what more immediate supervisors have said (Ferrell, March 10, 1998). Several writers, like Marshall McLuhan in The Medium Is the Massage, have explained how media influence the receiver's perceptions of the message. Douglas Brush asserts, "A ten-minute videotape of a chief executive officer announcing a new corporate policy imparts hundreds of times more information than an audiotape of that same message, which contains hundreds of times more information than a printed text of the message." (Brush, pp. 10-11). Downward communication moves from superior to subordinate, whether from the chairman to all employees of the company or from one superior to one subordinate. It is the main form of communication in corporations. More media carry more messages down the management chart than take them upward or horizontally combined. That is not to say that formal communications in the business organization are typically downward or even vertical. Most are horizontal. However most formal ones are downward, as one writer notes: "It is obvious that the bulk of communication in most organizations is downward--directing, instructing, explaining, and the like. The passing on of orders, policies, and plans is the backbone of managerial communication." (Jose R. Goris, Bobby C. Vaught, John D. Pettit Jr, 2000) Katz and Kahn list five purposes of downward communication: 1. Specific task directive: job instructions. 2. Information designed to produce understanding of the task and its relations to other organizational tasks: job rationale. 3. Information about organizational procedures and

The crisis of trust as a major issue in the relationship among Essay

The crisis of trust as a major issue in the relationship among business organizationsand their customers - Essay Example The lost of credibility is central in the crisis of trust. The crisis of trust can be understood from two major perspectives; First, business to business and second business to individual customers. A business organization is a customer to another business organization when one buys goods and services from the other. This could be in the form of buying raw materials from a business for the purpose of producing it to a finished products or when a business rent the equipments of another business in order to further its business operation. There is a business to an individual customer relationship when the individual buys goods and services from a business organization. Whichever way one chooses to look at the issue, crisis of trust can emanate if proper management techniques was not ensured. Few examples will help us to understand the point. To buttress the point more succinctly, Crisis of trust in Bank of America Corporation (BAC): Bank of America Corporation is the one of the largest financial institutions in America. It is a multinational bank with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina. According to the BMO capital market result, the bank is ranked as the highest financial institution in America by assets. ... This enviable record helped in no small measure in building the public trust which the bank has. Regrettably, in 2010, the bank was accused by the USA government for defrauding organizations and institutions especially schools, hospitals, and government institutions through investing the revenues from the municipal bond sales. The bank however agreed to have defrauded the institutions and accepted to pay damages at the tune of $137.7 million, including the payment of $25 million to the coffer of the Internal Revenue Service, as well as $4.5 million to the attorney general of the state. Hence, it was reported that the former Bank Executive of the famous Bank of America, Douglas Campbell pleaded guilty to the charges of distrust, wire transfer, and conspiracy to defraud the bank1 Because of this development, the famous bank started loosing customers; people started withdrawing their money because of distrust. Crisis of trust in the UK media: In the recent times, majority of the Europea ns are displeased with the manner in which the media reports issues. The media was alleged to hide certain information from the public. It was alleged that the media is more interested in getting story than telling the truth. This development has eroded the trust which people have on the media. The role of the media as a watchdog in the democratic process is no longer feasible, as some people argued. In the United Kingdom, people see the media from the point of carrying social stories rather than conveying the latest political development in the nation. Example, the tabloids are always inundated by stories about celebrities and campaigns, rather than reporting the latest political development in the country. This is certainly not healthy in a country

Indian Electoral System Explained

Indian Electoral System Explained Federalism is a political term which means a group of members bound by a legal agreement guided by a representative leader. India is a federal nation where the legal agreement is synonymous to the Constitution of India and group of members comprise of the 29 states and 7 union territories. It includes a three tier system where the first is the Central Government, second is the State Government and third tier is in the form of panchayats and municipalities. With an exception of Article 370 (with reference to JK), Article 371 (with reference to North Eastern States and Andhra Pradesh) and the Presidents Rule makes the federalism for India, asymmetric. It is one of the important aspects of a government organization to provide a tool for change, in legal terms this tool is called Elections. An election in a nation provides opportunities to its people to select in terms of their better prospects. The supreme legislative body in India is comprised of The President and the two houses namely Lok Sabha (Lower House or House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House or Council of States). In India, elections take place at federal, state and local level. Elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India. At national level the Prime minister (Head of the Government) is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha. All the members of Lok Sabha are directly elected through general elections which are held in every five years under normal circumstances by the people of India also called Universal Suffrage which consists of right to vote to the adult citizen which also includes extending the rights to minors and non-citizens, except for the two members which can be nominated by the president of India. The members of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House are elected by the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states and the Electoral College for the Union Territories of India. Indian Electoral System The  House of the People (Lok Sabha)  represents citizens of India predicted by the Constitution of India, currently the members of Lok Sabha are 545, out of which 543 are elected for five-year term and two members represent the Anglo-Indian community. The 545 members are elected under the  plurality  electoral system. The  Council of States (Rajya Sabha)  has 245 members, 233 members elected for a six-year term, with one-third retiring every two years. The Vidhan Sabha or the Legislative Assembly is the lower house (in states with bicameral) or the sole house (in unicameral states) of the provincial (state) legislature in the different states of India. A Member of Parliament (M.P.) is a representative of the voters to a parliament. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, the term applies specifically to members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title, such as senate, and thus also have different titles for its members, such as senators.A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) or a Member of the Legislature (ML), is a representative elected by the voters of a constituency to the legislature or legislative assembly of a sub-national jurisdiction. The members of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected, this being achieved by the votes of legislators in the state and union (federal) territories. The twelve nominated members are usually an eclectic mix of eminent artists (including actors), scientists, jurists, sportspersons, businessmen and journalists and common people.[3] The elected members are chosen under the system of  proportional representation  by means of the  Single Transferable Vote. Qualifications for becoming a member: Lok Sabha: According to Indian Constitution for a person to be a member of Lok Sabha he/she should be a citizen of India and must subscribe before the  Election Commission of India  an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule  of  Indian Constitution, the person should have his/her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country, should be at least twenty five years in age, must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by  Parliament and should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law. Though it’s not necessary for the person to belong to the same state from which he/she is contesting the election. A person cannot bea member of both Houses of Parliament in which case provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person. A member both of Parliament and of a Legislative Assembly of a State. Rajya Sabha: According to the Article 84 of the Constitution of India, for the membership of Rajya Sabha a person must be a citizen of India, should be thirty or more in terms of age, should subscribe before the Election Commission of India to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule  of  Indian Constitution similar to the Lok Sabha, must possess qualification as prescribed by the law in Indian Constitution, Be elected by the  Legislative Assembly  of States and Union territories by means of  Single transferable vote  through Proportional representation. The twelve members nominated by the president of India are not eligible to vote in the presidential elections. Vidhan Sabha: According to the constitution of India for the membership of Vidhan Sabha the person should not be aged less than 25 years, the person should have a clearance affidavit conforming that there are no criminal procedures or proceedings against him/her, also the person should be mentally and financially stable i.e. should not be bankrupt. The Speaker of Vidhan Sabha acts as a neutral judge and manages all debates and discussions in the house. Usually he is a member of the stronger political party. Lok Sabha Elections: Lok Sabha consists of representatives of people chosen by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage. Consisting of total 552 members out of which 530 are representatives of states remaining 20 members are representative of Union Territories and maximum two members are members of the Anglo Indian Community which are nominated by the president of India. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. The total membership of members from each state is selected on the basis of ratio of their population. A total of 131 seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47) representatives. Each Lok Sabha is elected for the term of five years unless it is dissolved in-between. In case of proclamation of Emergency the operating period of Lok Sabha can be extended up-to one year and maximum of six months if the proclamation has ended.

A Marketing Memo

First, I will suggest to Mr. Dickson to begin with a distribution approach that basically matches his capability. He must analyze the pros and cons of finding an effective distribution pattern and this heavily depends on his finances and production ability.Some ways are producing a small display of his products at local stores and advertising over telephones. Second, Mr. Dickson should learn how his product sells. In conjunction with the first step, he now has to weigh his options regarding where and how his product sells—whether through local stores or any other way that he can think of.Which ever way he may pursue, he should bear in mind which approach can him more support. Thirdly, Mr. Dickson should think about his options in promotions to his intended market.Since Mr. Dickson had already established a connection with the local stores and he believes that his product is more superior to the other brand, one way to introduce and spread his product is through attending local conventions and feature shows wherein he can introduce his sauce to bigger and more established distributors and retailers.Through this, he can have contacts to bigger supermarkets and a wider audience. The last step is that for Mr. Dickson to consider his alternatives before making the concluding decision. Mr. Dickson should at first establish a distribution network and this network should sell enough to sustain his product without too much attempt on his part. (Debelak, 2004)The main problem of Mr. Dickson is the limited distribution that his product achieved despite his attempts to sell it to local markets. But since he has the support of his restaurant clientele and a massive confident on his product, I think that he should continue on doing from the basic—which is promotion. The constraint now is how and where he promotes.As I see it, since he has a small connection to local supermarkets, he should start from there. He should set up small displays in the supermarkets an d attend local feature shows so that people will be introduced to his sauce.And I think that he should not stop advertising in his restaurant. He should also set up small displays on his restaurant and should continue utilizing it in his recipes. Through this, the confidence of his clients and the greatness of his product can even reach other people through word of mouth, which is little on his part.REFERENCES:Debelak, D. (2004). Spread it around: find the best way to distribute your product, and you'll rake in the profits [Electronic Version]. Retrieved September 2, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0DTI/is_6_32/ai_n6066217. Â